Make Coffee Without a Coffee Maker Using Crap Around Your House

With most people content to just pop in a cartridge, push a button, and accept the caffeinated lighter fluid that comes forth with open mouths, it's easy to forget that coffee-making can be an art. Which is partially why Tonx's fun and monstrously informative infographic on cofeee-makerless coffee-making is such a delight.

Whether you're a caffeinated artisan or just highly unprepared, you should be able to produce a halfway-decent cup with whatever you have at hand. In fact, Tonx is so confident in the bean's resourcefulness that it's currently running a contest for the most creative ways of brewing something at least resembling coffee that you can muster. For know, though, and with this chart, know that you and your beans will both be in good hands. [Tonx]

Source: http://gizmodo.com/make-coffee-without-a-coffee-maker-using-crap-around-yo-484497253

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FDA will investigate added caffeine in foods

This product image provided by the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company shows packaging for Alert Energy Caffeine Gum. (AP Photo/Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company)

This product image provided by the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company shows packaging for Alert Energy Caffeine Gum. (AP Photo/Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company)

This product image provided by the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company shows the back of packaging showing the nutritional facts for Alert Energy Caffeine Gum. (AP Photo/Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company)

WASHINGTON (AP) ? For people seeking an energy boost, companies are increasing their offerings of foods with added caffeine. A new caffeinated gum may have gone too far.

The Food and Drug Administration said Monday that it will investigate the safety of added caffeine and its effects on children and adolescents. The agency made the announcement just as Wrigley was rolling out Alert Energy Gum, a new product that includes as much caffeine as a half a cup of coffee in one piece and promises "the right energy, right now."

Michael Taylor, FDA's deputy commissioner of foods, indicated that the proliferation of new foods with caffeine added ? especially the gum, which he equates to "four cups of coffee in your pocket" ? may even prompt the FDA to look closer at the way all food ingredients are regulated.

The agency is already investigating the safety of energy drinks and energy shots, prompted by consumer reports of illness and death.

Taylor said Monday that the only time FDA explicitly approved the added use of caffeine in a food or drink was in the 1950s for colas. The current proliferation of caffeine added to foods is "beyond anything FDA envisioned," Taylor said.

"It is disturbing," Taylor told The Associated Press. "We're concerned about whether they have been adequately evaluated."

Caffeine has the regulatory classification of "generally recognized as safe," or GRAS, which means manufacturers can add it to products and then determine on their own whether the product is safe.

"This raises questions about how the GRAS concept is working and is it working adequately," Taylor said of the gum and other caffeine-added products.

As food companies have created more new ingredients to add health benefits, improve taste or help food stay fresh, there are at least 4,650 of these "generally recognized as safe" ingredients, according to the nonpartisan Pew Charitable Trusts. The bulk of them, at least 3,000, were determined GRAS by companies and trade associations.

Caffeine is not a new ingredient, but Taylor says the FDA is concerned about all of the new ways it is being delivered to consumers. He said the agency will look at the potential impact these "new and easy sources" of caffeine will have on children's health and will take action if necessary. He said that he and other FDA officials have held meetings with some of the large food companies that have ventured into caffeinated products, including Mars Inc., of which Wrigley is a subsidiary.

Wrigley and other companies adding caffeine to their products have labeled them as for adult use only. A spokeswoman for Wrigley, Denise M. Young, said the gum is for "adults who are looking for foods with caffeine for energy" and each piece contains about 40 milligrams, or the equivalent amount found in half a cup of coffee. She said the company will work with FDA.

"Millions of Americans consume caffeine responsibly and in moderation as part of their daily routines," Young said.

Food manufacturers have added caffeine to candy, nuts and other snack foods in recent years. Jelly Belly "Extreme Sport Beans," for example, have 50 mg of caffeine in each 100-calorie pack, while Arma Energy Snx markets trail mix, chips and other products that have caffeine.

Critics say it's not enough for the companies to say they are marketing the products to adults when the caffeine is added to items like candy that are attractive to children. Many of the energy foods are promoted with social media campaigns, another way they could be targeted to young people.

Major medical associations have warned that too much caffeine can be dangerous for children, who have less ability to process the stimulant than adults. The American Academy of Pediatrics says it has been linked to harmful effects on young people's developing neurologic and cardiovascular systems.

"Could caffeinated macaroni and cheese or breakfast cereal be next?" said Michael Jacobson, director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, which asked the FDA to look into the number of foods with added caffeine last year. "One serving of any of these foods isn't likely to harm anyone. The concern is that it will be increasingly easy to consume caffeine throughout the day, sometimes unwittingly, as companies add caffeine to candies, nuts, snacks and other foods. "

Taylor said the agency would look at the added caffeine in its totality ? while one product might not cause adverse effects, the increasing number of caffeinated products on the market, including drinks, could mean more adverse health effects for children.

Last November, the FDA said it had received 92 reports over four years that cited illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths after consumption of an energy shot marketed as 5-Hour Energy. The FDA said it had also received reports that cited the highly caffeinated Monster Energy Drink in several deaths.

Agency officials said then that the reports to the FDA from consumers, doctors and others don't necessarily prove that the drinks caused the deaths or injuries but said they were investigating each one. In February, FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg again stressed that reports to the agency of adverse events related to energy drinks did not necessarily suggest a causal effect.

FDA officials said they would take action if they could link the deaths to consumption of the energy drinks, including forcing the companies to take the products off the market.

In 2010, the agency forced manufacturers of alcoholic caffeinated beverages to cease production of those drinks. The agency said the combination of caffeine and alcohol could lead to a "wide-awake drunk" and has led to alcohol poisoning, car accidents and assaults.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/bbd825583c8542898e6fa7d440b9febc/Article_2013-04-30-FDA-Added%20Caffeine/id-4014c37f061544b0807c5a46b3004cc7

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No Redoubt: Volcanic eruption forecasting improved

Apr. 29, 2013 ? Forecasting volcanic eruptions with success is heavily dependent on recognizing well-established patterns of pre-eruption unrest in the monitoring data. But in order to develop better monitoring procedures, it is also crucial to understand volcanic eruptions that deviate from these patterns.

New research from a team led by Carnegie's Diana Roman retrospectively documented and analyzed the period immediately preceding the 2009 eruption of the Redoubt volcano in Alaska, which was characterized by an abnormally long period of pre-eruption seismic activity that's normally associated with short-term warnings of eruption. Their work is published today by Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

Well-established pre-eruption patterns can include a gradual increase in the rate of seismic activity, a progressive alteration in the type of seismic activity, or a change in ratios of gas released. "But there are numerous cases of volcanic activity that in some way violated these common patterns of precursory unrest," Roman said. "That's why examining the unusual precursor behavior of the Redoubt eruption is so enlightening."

About six to seven months before the March 2009 eruption, Redoubt began to experience long-period seismic events, as well as shallow volcanic tremors, which intensified into a sustained tremor over the next several months. Immediately following this last development, shallow, short-period earthquakes were observed at an increased rate below the summit. In the 48 hours prior to eruption both deep and shallow earthquakes were recorded.

This behavior was unusual because precursor observations usually involve a transition from short-period to long-period seismic activity, not the other way around. What's more, seismic tremor is usually seen as a short-term warning, not something that happens months in advance. However, these same precursors were also observed during the 1989-90 Redoubt eruption, thus indicating that the unusual seismic pattern reflects some unique aspect of the volcano's magma system.

Advanced analysis of the seismic activity taking place under the volcano allowed Roman and her team to understand the changes taking place before, during, and after eruption. Their results show that the eruption was likely preceded by a protracted period of slow magma ascent, followed by a short period of rapidly increasing pressure beneath Redoubt.

Elucidating the magma processes causing these unusual precursor events could help scientists to hone their seismic forecasting, rather than just relying on the same forecasting tools they're currently using, ones that are not able to detect anomalies.

For example, using current techniques, the forecasts prior to Redoubt's 2009 eruption wavered over a period of five months, back and forth between eruption being likely within a few weeks to within a few days. If the analytical techniques used by Roman and her team had been taken into consideration, the early risk escalations might not have been issued.

"Our work shows the importance of clarifying the underlying processes driving anomalous volcanic activity. This will allow us to respond to subtle signals and increase confidence in making our forecasts." Roman said.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Carnegie Institution.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Diana C. Roman, Matthew D. Gardine. Seismological evidence for long-term and rapidly accelerating magma pressurization preceding the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2013; DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.03.040

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/W2-M8uQctgc/130429133705.htm

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Sharapova beats Li Na to win Porsche GP again

STUTTGART, Germany (AP) ? Maria Sharapova beat Li Na 6-4, 6-3 on Sunday to successfully defend her WTA Porsche Grand Prix title in a final between the last two French Open champions.

The top-seeded Russian swept to her second title of the year after winning in Indian Wells, Calif. She became the first player to retain the Stuttgart title since Lindsey Davenport in 2005.

"I thought it'd be the toughest match of the tournament, but I played my best tennis today," Sharapova said. "I was able to step it up."

This was her 29th career title and 16th consecutive win on clay, dating to Rome last year. Since Stuttgart last year, she is 23-1 on clay. Her only loss was to Serena Williams in Madrid.

Sharapova, ranked No. 2, was using the Stuttgart tournament for her clay-court debut this season, as she did last year when she went on to capture the French Open.

The second-seeded Li had a double-fault on match point, with another one earlier in the final game.

"I was under pressure on her return," Li said. "She was aggressive."

Sharapova had to fight through three long three-setters to get to the championship match, but there was little drama in the final.

The Russian opened with a break and went up 4-1 before Li could pull back one break. But that was not enough, and Sharapova closed the set with a service winner.

"I tried to put it together from the start," Sharapova said.

Li, who became the first Chinese player to win a Grand Slam title with her victory at Roland Garros in 2011, simply didn't have enough consistency to threaten. Sharapova gained the key break in the seventh game of the second when Li sent a volley wide.

Sharapova holds a 9-5 career edge over Li, who beat her in the semifinals of the Australian Open, the year's first Grand Slam.

"I'm a little sad to lose," Li said. "But it's a pretty good start to my clay-court season."

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/sharapova-beats-li-na-win-porsche-gp-again-144816595.html

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Some are overlooked in US immigration overhaul

In this April 18, 2013, photo, Carlos Jair Gonzalez, 29, left, gives guidance to a newcomer at the Padre Chava migrant shelter in the northern border city of Tijuana. Gonzalez, who was deported from the U.S. last December, has been at the shelter for a month while nursing a foot he fractured when he jumped the border fence in a failed attempt to rejoin his family in California. Gonzalez, who came to the U.S. when he was two years old, is one of nearly 2 million removals from the United States since Barack Obama was first elected president. (AP Photo/Alex Cossio)

In this April 18, 2013, photo, Carlos Jair Gonzalez, 29, left, gives guidance to a newcomer at the Padre Chava migrant shelter in the northern border city of Tijuana. Gonzalez, who was deported from the U.S. last December, has been at the shelter for a month while nursing a foot he fractured when he jumped the border fence in a failed attempt to rejoin his family in California. Gonzalez, who came to the U.S. when he was two years old, is one of nearly 2 million removals from the United States since Barack Obama was first elected president. (AP Photo/Alex Cossio)

In this April 18, 2013, photo, migrants and recent deportees from the U.S. wait for a table at the dining room of the Padre Chava migrant shelter in the northern border city of Tijuana, Mexico. Deportations topped 400,000 in 2012, more than double from seven years earlier, sending Mexicans to border cities like Tijuana where they often struggle to find work. (AP Photo/Alex Cossio)

In this April 18, 2013, photo, Carlos Jair Gonzalez, 29, left, gives guidance to a newcomer at the Padre Chava migrant shelter in the northern border city of Tijuana. Gonzalez, who was deported from the U.S. last December, has been at the shelter for a month while nursing a foot he fractured when he jumped the border fence in a failed attempt to rejoin his family in California. Gonzalez, who came to the U.S. when he was two years old, is one of nearly 2 million removals from the United States since Barack Obama was first elected president. (AP Photo/Alex Cossio)

In this April 18, 2013, photo, Migrants and recent deportees from the U.S. wait in line to wash their hands during mealtime at the Padre Chava migrant shelter in the northern border city of Tijuana. Deportations topped 400,000 in fiscal 2012, more than double from seven years earlier, sending Mexicans to border cities like Tijuana where they often struggle to find work. (AP Photo/Alex Cossio)

SAN DIEGO (AP) ? Carlos Gonzalez has lived nearly all his 29 years in a country he considers home but now finds himself on the wrong side of the border ? and the wrong side of a proposed overhaul of the U.S. immigration system that would grant legal status to millions of people.

Gonzalez was deported to Tijuana, Mexico, from Santa Barbara in December, one of nearly 2 million removals from the United States since Barack Obama was first elected president.

"I have nobody here," said Gonzalez, who serves breakfasts in a Tijuana migrant shelter while nursing a foot that fractured in 10 places when he jumped the border fence in a failed attempt to rejoin his mother, two brothers and extended family in California. "The United States is all I know."

While a Senate bill introduced earlier this month would bring many of the estimated 11 million people living in the U.S. illegally out of the shadows, not everyone would benefit. They include anyone who arrived after Dec. 31, 2011, those with gay partners legally in the U.S., siblings of U.S. citizens and many deportees such as Gonzalez.

With net immigration from Mexico near zero, the number who came to the U.S. since January 2012 is believed to be relatively small, possibly a few hundred thousand. They include Isaac Jimenez, 45, who paid a smuggler $4,800 to guide him across the California desert in August to reunite with his wife and children in Fresno.

"My children are here, everything is here for me," Jimenez said from Fresno. He lived in the U.S. illegally since 1998 and returned voluntarily to southern Mexico last year to see his mother before she died.

So far, advocates on the left have shown limited appetite to fight for expanded coverage as they brace for a tough battle in Congress. Some take aim at other provisions of the sweeping legislation, like a 13-year track to citizenship they consider too long and $4.5 billion for increased border security.

"It's not going to include everybody," said Laura Lichter, president of the American Immigration Lawyers Association. "It's not perfect. I think you hear a lot of people saying, 'Don't let the perfect be the enemy of the good,' and this is good."

Peter Nunez, who supports restrictive policies as chairman of the Center for Immigration Studies in Washington, rates the bill an 8 or 9 on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 being the most inclusive. He criticizes a measure that allows deportees without criminal histories to apply for permission to return if they have spouses or children in the U.S. legally, a step that supporters say would reunite families.

"I just don't understand why we are going to basically undo a deportation," said Nunez, a former U.S. attorney in San Diego.

Senate negotiators were more forgiving of criminal records than the Obama administration was when it granted temporary work permits last year to many who came to the U.S. as children. The administration disqualified anyone with a single misdemeanor conviction of driving under the influence, domestic violence, drug dealing or certain other crimes. The Senate bill says only that three misdemeanors or a single felony make someone ineligible.

Deportations topped 400,000 in fiscal 2012, more than double from seven years earlier, sending Mexicans to border cities like Tijuana where they often struggle to find work. The Padre Chava migrant shelter serves breakfast to 1,100 people daily in a bright yellow building that opened three years ago because it outgrew its old quarters. Director Ernesto Hernandez estimates 75 percent are deported.

"Many come wearing sneakers that cost hundreds of dollars and nothing in their pockets," Hernandez said.

About 10 percent of the shelter's deportees speak little or no Spanish, including Salvador Herrera IV, 28, who came to the U.S. when he was 2 in the back seat of a car and grew up skateboarding and playing basketball in Long Beach. With a conviction for grand theft auto putting his legal status out of the question, he is considering paying $8,000 for someone else's identity documents to try to return illegally to Southern California.

"I'm basically American," he said. "I'm a beach boy. I do American stuff."

Many at the shelter have convictions for DUI or domestic violence, said Hernandez, reflecting the Obama administration's priority to target anyone with criminal records for deportation.

Gonzalez was arrested in Santa Barbara on suspicion of disorderly conduct, landing him in Tijuana for New Year's Eve. He said he had several misdemeanor convictions, including a DUI, which he committed shortly after turning 18.

"That's when you party a lot and you think it's not going to matter," he said.

Gonzalez was born in Cuernavaca, south of Mexico City, and came to the U.S. by plane when he was 2 years old, never leaving Santa Barbara. After graduating from Santa Barbara High School in 2002, he took automotive classes at community college, worked about four years at a Jiffy Lube outlet and held jobs as a mechanic, gardener and telemarketer in the picturesque California coastal city of 90,000 people.

Gonzalez doesn't know where he will settle after his foot heals. His family helped with more than $3,000 in medical expenses, including a metal rod that holds a toe together.

He may try to find an aunt in Cuernavaca but doesn't have her phone number or address.

"I never thought I would be in this predicament," he said.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2013-04-28-Immigration-Left%20Out/id-17b2bbb68c684001ad13030e693d82f9

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Ohio Valley Wrestling Television Recap Episode 714

From Jimmie Daniel:

This is the recap for Ohio Valley Wrestling TV Episode 714 to air in Louisville on Saturday 4/27. As always the show can also be seen at http://www.ovwrestling.com/tv/714. OUR OVW Announce Team this week is Dean "San Juan" Hill?, ?Anchorman" Gilbert Corsey, and ?Rocky Mountain Mouth" Michael Titus. OUR OVW Ring Announcer is Terry Boddie. Gilbert says that seven OVW superstars were attacked by the Coalition last week.

Speaking of which, the Coalition (One-half of OUR OVW Tag Team Champions "The Washington Generals" Jason Wayne, "Squad Alpha" Jack Black & Joe Coleman, "Squad Bravo" Shiloh Jonze & Raul Lamotta, and the Spanish Moss Guy) come out to the ring without Crimson (the other half of the tag team champs). Wayne commandeers the mic and says that OVW has been attacked and that the mission of the Coalition is to rid OVW of all evildoers so that red-blooded fans can have a group that they can truly be proud of! They are working around the clock to complete this mission-OVW Operation Freedom! They unleashed Shock and Brawl last week which removed Alex Silva, Sam Shaw, "Smooth" Johnny Spade, and James "Moose" Thomas. This brings out OUR OVW Director of Operations Michael (not PS) Hayes comes out appearing to be quite agitated even before having mic problems. Wayne reminds Hayes that he can't touch the Coalition or even throw them out of the building, as Hayes gets all up in their faces. Wayne also mentions that Crimson is in a diplomatic meeting with the OVW Board of Directors. Hayes can't take the Coalition on by himself but does have "people" and brings out OUR OVW TV Champion Rockstar Spud followed by Tony Gunn, "Triple R Superstar" Randy Royal, and "White Kryptonite" Eddie Diamond (all four also were attacked last week). Wayne reminds Hayes that he still has Hayes outnumbered 6 to 4 but then Hayes brings out "Welsh Colossus" Rob Terry! Wayne says it's still 6 on 5 but then Jay Bradley comes out! Bradley says he might not like Hayes' "people" but the Coalition stuck their noses in his business last week by attacking Spade and Moose, so he's going to make a statement on the Coalition tonight! So we have a 12-man tag match in the main event.

Match #1: Lovely Lylah vs OUR OVW Ladies Champion Trina
Lylah is a brunette about the same size and build as Epiphany, whom Trina defeated last week to win the title. Titus refers to Epiphany as a "bohemoth" (?). Trina gets all offensive with clotheslines and slams, then finishes Lylah with a full nelson slam to wrap up her first title defense.

Match #2: "The Great" Cliff Compton vs "Best Rudy Ever" Rudy Switchblade
Compton shows off his tumbling skills ala Matt Dillinger. Dean is happy that Rudy has broken away from "Mr. Pec-tacular" Jesse Godderz. Rudy tries to lock a Boston crab but Compton kicks him away. Rudy stomps Compton's fingers then goes for a tenpunch but Compton rakes his face. Compton slings Rudy across then legdrops him for 2 before draping him across the top rope and coming off with a forearm, cutting him a flip onto the mat. Compton chinbreakers Rudy for 2 then locks him into a sleeper, taking him down to the mat. Rudy appears to chew his way free and goes for the crab again but Compton again kicks him away. Rudy snaps Compton on the top rope as Coleman and Black run out and attack Rudy for the DQ. Jonze and Lamotta follow but Bradley, Royal (with a 2x4), et al; come out ot clear the ring. Hayes returns and declares that there will be no more of this (run-in attacks) and the 12-man tag is still on. Compton stands in front of the Coalition with the mic and says they are looking to draft the man...and the man is Cliff Compton! However the Coalition decides that Compton is not the man and proceeds to beat him down until the group in the ring chases them away.

In the back, "Diamond Steel" Ryan Howe is warming up as Heidi Lovelace comes over to talk. She asks about the gifts that Howe has allegedly been sending Taeler Hendrix but Howe brushes off the question, saying he doesn't care about that but is caring about getting his hands on Doug Williams and Dylan Bostic tonight. Taeler interrupts and calls Heidi "psychotic" and tells Heidi that Howe belongs to her! Bostic comes over and grabs Taeler, who refers to Bostic as an "overgrown Ken doll" as she is being dragged away by Bostic.
Camera pans over to Timmy Danger reading a magazine while Diamond is lying in the arms of his favorite girl, Epiphany. Diamond apologizes to her for costing her the ladies title last week but she says not to worry about it since to her, no goal is more important than him! Bradley walks up and sees this and becomes indignant, reminding Diamond that they are going to war tonight. He tells Diamond to come with him but tells Danger and Epiphany to stay behind. They go over to where Royal, Gunn, and Spud are standing. Spud tells Bradley he doesn't exactly trust Bradley and is keeping both eyes on him. Bradley suggests Spud keep his eyes on his pot of gold, which sets off some sniping among the group particularly Royal reminding Spud that he wants a shot at the TV title. Terry comes up to emphasize to the others that they all need to work together.

Match #3: Dylan "Freakin'" Bostic & Doug Williams vs "Diamond Steel" Ryan Howe & OUR OVW Champion Jamin Olivencia
Titus calls Williams the "Guiding Light of OVW". Howe plays us some riffs before Jamin comes out. Howe fires up on Williams a bit before tagging in Jamin, who also gets some action in before missing a splash. Bostic comes in but is greeted with a dropkick and Howe tagging back in. Howe hits a Thesz press on Bostic and peppers him with rights. Williams tags in and whips Howe into a Bostic kick to the back. Williams suplexes Howe then chokes him in the ropes, which begins an extended period of Howe being isolated while ref Josh Ashcraft keeps Jamin from coming in illegally. Williams kicks Howe in the groinular region and Jamin runs in with a full head of steam and attacks Williams. The two scuffle out of the ring and through the curtain as Ashcraft calls for the bell in what appeared to be a countout. Howe and Bostic are duking it out in the ring when Taeler comes into the ring and gets between the two. Taeler tells the guys to stop fighting over her then asks Howe why he got her the gifts. Bostic chimes in that everyone knows it was Howe! An angry Howe takes the mic and says it was not him, adding that he realizes that Taeler is hot but girls like her are a dime a dozen (not sure if hot redheads are a dime a dozen but whatever)! Howe wonders aloud if Bostic bought her the gifts to try to take her mind off fantasizing about Howe. Taeler starts to cry and no one has a Kleenex :( Heidi comes out and says the mysterious gift-giver was her!!! Taeler is stunned.

Back from break Dean, Gilbert, and Titus seem stunned as well. Gilbert plugs a house show in Elizabethtown, KY that Compton may make if the Coalition didn't beat him up too bad, lol.

Match #4: Gunn & Royal & Diamond & Terry & Spud & Bradley vs Wayne & Black & Lamotta & Jonze & Coleman & Spanish Moss Guy
Opponents rush the ring and attack the Coalition but then we go to break. Back from break, Jonze drags Diamond over to the corner and tags Spanish Moss Guy. Diamond is able to overcome the moss and tag in Gunn, who flapjacks Jonze. Lamotta runs in and neckbreakers Gunn but Royal comes in to give Lamotta a running knee. Lamotta rolls out and Coleman lariats Royal but here comes Spud! Coleman throws Spud into the wrong corner for some choking in the ropes followed by Wayne and Black taking turns beating on him. Spud gets away and hits a delayed Thesz press on Black then Bradley comes in to give Black a running boot. Wayne attacks Bradley from behind to stop all that but then Terry comes in. Terry splashes Wayne in the corner and prepares to whip him into Bradley, who has the Boomstick ready to go. Black runs in and hits Bradley with a foreign object for the DQ.
Coalition brings out the steel rods and its beatdown time! Switchblade and The Mobile Homers (Ted McNaler & Adam Revolver) run out to help but soon feel the wrath as well. Jonze and Lamotta arm themselves and wait at the entrance as the Baxter brothers, Nick Dumeyer, and Elvis Pridemore all come through the curtain and get ambushed. In the ring after hitting Terry upside the head with the belt, Wayne takes the mic and says OVW is going to have to bring more to the table if they want to defeat the Coalition. Wayne then lines up the troops and leads the Coalition pledge as the show goes off.

THOUGHTS: Somebody dared to oppose the Coalition this week, whoda thunk it? Trina had no wardrobe issues this week plus she had the distinction of scoring the only pinfall. Compton/Switchblade and the 4-man tag were pretty good for the action part. And yes, Trent Van Drisse called Heidi as the gift-giver several weeks ago so kudos to him! Epiphany sure seemed happy with Diamond. They should do like Glee and start naming couples (for example, Finn + Rachel="Finchel" and Brittany + Santana= "Brittana?. Not sure what Taeler + Heidi would be). So we get like a six minute beatdown after the main. I kept waiting for the fans to start throwing garbage into the ring. I think this is where I picked up OVW about this time last year with Jo-V-W running over everyone and everything. Maybe this time next year the Baxter, Dumeyer, and Pridemore will be doing a Four Horseman gimmick, I can't wait! Anyway, this still was a slight improvement over the past couple of weeks so I'll give it a "just a hair above the middle" thumbs in the middle.

Source: http://www.gwhnews.com/2013/04/ohio-valley-wrestling-television-recap_28.html

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Syria rejects US, UK chemical arms claims | Morocco World News

DAMASCUS, April 27, 2013 (AFP)

Syria dismissed as a ?barefaced lie? on Saturday American and British claims it may have used chemical arms, as staunch ally Russia warned against using such fears to intervene militarily in the strife-torn country.

?First of all, I want to confirm that statements by the US secretary of state and British government are inconsistent with reality and a barefaced lie,? Syrian Information Minister Omran al-Zohbi said in an interview published on the Kremlin-funded Russia Today?s website.

?I want to stress one more time that Syria would never use it ? not only because of its adherence to the international law and rules of leading war, but because of humanitarian and moral issues,? Zohbi said.

UN chief Ban Ki-moon has called on Damascus to approve a UN mission of inspectors to probe the alleged use of chemical weapons in the spiralling conflict that erupted in March 2011.

But Zohbi told Russia Today that Syria could not trust UN inspectors from Britain and the United States.

?We also do not trust their qualifications. Their aim is to juggle with facts,? he said, adding that Syria would accept Russian inspectors.

?We won?t mind if Russians would be among the experts; quite the contrary, we only welcome this idea. We are quite sure in their high qualification and ability to clearly see into such matters,? he was quoted as saying.

Along with China, Russia has blocked several UN Security Council draft resolutions threatening sanctions against President Bashar al-Assad?s regime.

US President Barack Obama warned Syria on Friday that using chemical weapons would be a ?game changer?, after the US, Israel and Britain cited signs that Assad?s regime has used the deadly agent sarin.

But Obama said Washington must act prudently and establish exactly if, how and when such arms may have been used, promising a ?vigorous? US and international probe into the latest reports.

Russia warned against using these reports for military intervention.

?We must check the information immediately and in conformity with international criteria, and not use it to achieve other objectives. It must not be a pretext for an intervention in Syria,? deputy foreign minister and Middle East envoy Mikhail Bogdanov said in Beirut.

Zohbi linked the chemical arms accusations to what he said was the recent military success of regime forces.

?I want to give you joy: there are qualitative changes on the battlefields. The uproar from the Americans that has arisen in the last 48 hours is due to this,? he was quoted as saying by the RIA Novosti news agency.

Zohbi on Friday said at a news conference in comments published by the Interfax news agency that chemical weapons were used by rebels and originated in Turkey.

The Syrian opposition has stepped up pressure by urging the UN Security Council to take immediate steps, possibly even by imposing a no-fly zone on Syria.

And British Prime Minister David Cameron said the growing evidence that Assad had turned chemical agents on his own people was ?extremely serious?.

Fighting continued unabated on Saturday, with at least 10 people killed in shelling on Douma northeast of Damascus, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said.

On Friday, at least 127 people were killed across the country, it said.? Analysts said Syria?s neighbours face a growing risk of the conflict spilling across their region as Assad turns to ever more desperate acts to halt rebels.

They said Lebanon and Jordan will be the most vulnerable if the conflict spreads, while Iraq will also be affected along with Israel and Turkey.

?It is a very vulnerable region and there is a risk of escalation,? said Anthony Skinner of British risk consultancy Maplecroft.

Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki alluded to Syria on Saturday, saying sectarian strife growing in his own country ?came back to Iraq because it began in another place in this region.?

Senior Egyptian officials, meanwhile, visited Iran on Saturday to further a proposal by Cairo for an Islamic quartet of Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Iran that would help to resolve the Syrian conflict, the Egyptian presidency said.

Turkey, Egypt and Saudi Arabia support the mostly Sunni rebels in Syria, while Shiite Iran backs Assad?s minority-led Alawite regime.

Source: http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2013/04/88731/syria-rejects-us-uk-chemical-arms-claims/

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Some are overlooked in US immigration overhaul

SAN DIEGO (AP) ? Carlos Gonzalez has lived nearly all his 29 years in a country he considers home but now finds himself on the wrong side of the border ? and the wrong side of a proposed overhaul of the U.S. immigration system that would grant legal status to millions of people.

Gonzalez was deported to Tijuana, Mexico, from Santa Barbara in December, one of nearly 2 million removals from the United States since Barack Obama was first elected president.

"I have nobody here," said Gonzalez, who serves breakfasts in a Tijuana migrant shelter while nursing a foot that fractured in 10 places when he jumped the border fence in a failed attempt to rejoin his mother, two brothers and extended family in California. "The United States is all I know."

While a Senate bill introduced earlier this month would bring many of the estimated 11 million people living in the U.S. illegally out of the shadows, not everyone would benefit. They include anyone who arrived after Dec. 31, 2011, those with gay partners legally in the U.S., siblings of U.S. citizens and many deportees such as Gonzalez.

With net immigration from Mexico near zero, the number who came to the U.S. since January 2012 is believed to be relatively small, possibly a few hundred thousand. They include Isaac Jimenez, 45, who paid a smuggler $4,800 to guide him across the California desert in August to reunite with his wife and children in Fresno.

"My children are here, everything is here for me," Jimenez said from Fresno. He lived in the U.S. illegally since 1998 and returned voluntarily to southern Mexico last year to see his mother before she died.

So far, advocates on the left have shown limited appetite to fight for expanded coverage as they brace for a tough battle in Congress. Some take aim at other provisions of the sweeping legislation, like a 13-year track to citizenship they consider too long and $4.5 billion for increased border security.

"It's not going to include everybody," said Laura Lichter, president of the American Immigration Lawyers Association. "It's not perfect. I think you hear a lot of people saying, 'Don't let the perfect be the enemy of the good,' and this is good."

Peter Nunez, who supports restrictive policies as chairman of the Center for Immigration Studies in Washington, rates the bill an 8 or 9 on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 being the most inclusive. He criticizes a measure that allows deportees without criminal histories to apply for permission to return if they have spouses or children in the U.S. legally, a step that supporters say would reunite families.

"I just don't understand why we are going to basically undo a deportation," said Nunez, a former U.S. attorney in San Diego.

Senate negotiators were more forgiving of criminal records than the Obama administration was when it granted temporary work permits last year to many who came to the U.S. as children. The administration disqualified anyone with a single misdemeanor conviction of driving under the influence, domestic violence, drug dealing or certain other crimes. The Senate bill says only that three misdemeanors or a single felony make someone ineligible.

Deportations topped 400,000 in fiscal 2012, more than double from seven years earlier, sending Mexicans to border cities like Tijuana where they often struggle to find work. The Padre Chava migrant shelter serves breakfast to 1,100 people daily in a bright yellow building that opened three years ago because it outgrew its old quarters. Director Ernesto Hernandez estimates 75 percent are deported.

"Many come wearing sneakers that cost hundreds of dollars and nothing in their pockets," Hernandez said.

About 10 percent of the shelter's deportees speak little or no Spanish, including Salvador Herrera IV, 28, who came to the U.S. when he was 2 in the back seat of a car and grew up skateboarding and playing basketball in Long Beach. With a conviction for grand theft auto putting his legal status out of the question, he is considering paying $8,000 for someone else's identity documents to try to return illegally to Southern California.

"I'm basically American," he said. "I'm a beach boy. I do American stuff."

Many at the shelter have convictions for DUI or domestic violence, said Hernandez, reflecting the Obama administration's priority to target anyone with criminal records for deportation.

Gonzalez was arrested in Santa Barbara on suspicion of disorderly conduct, landing him in Tijuana for New Year's Eve. He said he had several misdemeanor convictions, including a DUI, which he committed shortly after turning 18.

"That's when you party a lot and you think it's not going to matter," he said.

Gonzalez was born in Cuernavaca, south of Mexico City, and came to the U.S. by plane when he was 2 years old, never leaving Santa Barbara. After graduating from Santa Barbara High School in 2002, he took automotive classes at community college, worked about four years at a Jiffy Lube outlet and held jobs as a mechanic, gardener and telemarketer in the picturesque California coastal city of 90,000 people.

Gonzalez doesn't know where he will settle after his foot heals. His family helped with more than $3,000 in medical expenses, including a metal rod that holds a toe together.

He may try to find an aunt in Cuernavaca but doesn't have her phone number or address.

"I never thought I would be in this predicament," he said.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/overlooked-us-immigration-overhaul-182243975.html

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Down the Up Escalator

Barbara Garson tells the stories of Americans who have lost jobs ? and hope ? during the Great Recession.

By David Hugh Smith / April 26, 2013

Down the Up Escalator By Barbara Garson Knopf Doubleday 288 pp.

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The generation that went to Woodstock, fought with police against the Vietnam War, and later, enjoyed a "me" decade ? the "Baby Boomer" generation ? has taken part in transforming our economy into a system that many regard as genuinely hostile to "the people."

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Now a participant in 1960s social activism has written a book showing in sharp relief the impact of decades of downsizing and outsourcing on families and on some of the good-paying jobs that once sustained the American middle class.?

Down the Up Escalator: How the 99% Live in the Great Recession is a three-part opus in which Barbara Garson befriends and tells the stories of people who can't find work, people who are losing their homes, and people whose savings have evaporated.

Amid this contemporary Brothers Grimm collection are Garson's savvy views on how chunks of America ended up on a down escalator. She comments, "[U]nlike the Great Depression, the Great Recession didn't narrow the wealth gap.... For all our bruises we merely went into a deep pothole and emerged on the same rough and dangerous road."

Many of Garson's stories are heartbreaking. She tells of Alice Epps from California. When the interest on her adjustable-rate mortgage rose to 17 percent and then her son was murdered, she got behind on payments. Her herculean efforts to arrange a loan modification, and the thousands she paid in fees, did virtually nothing to reduce her debt or enable her to keep her home.

Some may disagree with Garson's view that too much capital has been invested in buying out competing companies, in real estate speculation, and in other schemes that do nothing to create new businesses and jobs to replace the well-paid ones lost in manufacturing and other business sectors. Others might take issue with her statistics, which often come from sources with a strong liberal bias. But there is no arguing with what's happened to millions of people who, during an earlier era, would be thriving, not struggling to survive.

And Garson is the perfect person to write a book about economic injustice. Since the '60s, she has been reporting on and advocating for populist issues. She played a key role in the Berkeley Free Speech Movement and she's written three other books on work and our financial system.

"Down the Up Escalator" starts with the stories of four funky New Yorkers she calls the "Pink Slip Club."? Garson describes the frustrations and indignities these professionals suffer looking for work after losing their jobs early in the recession. Garson keeps track of them for several years as they all fail to win back mid-level white-color positions.

Elaine, who'd worked in accounts payable for a broadcasting conglomerate, eventually starts to fantasize about scoring some hours helping in a hole-in-the-wall shop that converts records to CDs. Gerri, who had been an insurance adjuster, experiences similar disappointments, and becomes increasingly anxious as expenses bite chunks out of her shrinking savings. (Garson named these members of the Pink Slip Club after two of the main characters from the Seinfeld TV series.)

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/6BUeFJc2SNo/Down-the-Up-Escalator

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SEO: The New Way To Get Business Online

SEO: The New Way To Get Business Online

Optimizing your site with search engines is an excellent method of making sure your website stands out from the pack. In order to succeed with this, you must understand the tricks behind it. The below article will not only provide some excellent tips in order to help you get noticed by the search engines, it will also show you which methods should be avoided.

Putting your website in a prime place to be found is what search engine optimization is all about. The article you have just read gave you multiple tips on how to make this happen for you. Applying these simple tricks will get your website noticed in no time, so increase your traffic today!

TIP! A properly coded site is an important part of a successful SEO strategy. When search engines see coding that is not well done, they will pass it up.

Get your free website analysis (valued at $97) ? 1-888-513-5974 (tell us that you seen our ad on the website)

Source: http://4thgc.com/seo-the-new-way-to-get-business-online/

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Instant View: Amazon profit beats Street view; sales forecast weak

SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - Amazon.com Inc's first-quarter revenue jumped 22 percent to $16.1 billion, propelled by growing sales of digital content, cloud-computing services and gains in retail. But it forecast weak sales this quarter, raising concerns about a slowing international business.

Commentary:

TOM FORTE, ANALYST, TELSEY ADVISORY GROUP

"This quarter is a bit of a 'tweener' so to speak: the company gave you a favorable margin, which is evident in both gross-margin performance and the upside in earnings, and then sales while not spectacular were good.

"Increase in third-party unit sales has been funding their gross margins.

"When I read the guidance for Q2 for operating margins, it suggests to me they're telegraphing that the company is going to continue a heightened rate of investment.

"Looking at the international performance, I think the message there is North America was better than expected but international was softer. The questions is: is this a reflection of macro trends in Europe, or is there something else going on there?"

VICTOR ANTHONY, ANALYST, TOPEKA CAPITAL MARKETS

"The fundamentals of the business improved significantly. So you saw a material improvement in gross margins, as well as a significant upside to estimates for their pro-forma operating margins. The trends are moving in the right direction fundamentally for the company.

"The high end of the guidance for revenue was above the Street. The pro-forma operating margins were slightly below the Street on the high end but they typically guide conservatively on that. Net, net it was a good print.

"The margins in international declined and that was a weak post.

"What we're seeing is that Amazon is really getting leverage from shipping costs. AWS is becoming a big part of their mix. They are also benefiting from a greater mix of advertising revenues. We'll continue to see that improve."

KEN SENA, ANALYST, EVERCORE

"The numbers came in relatively in-line.

"Guidance was maybe slightly disappointing. But when you look at the gross profit for the quarter, it beat expectations. They grew gross profit at 35 percent year-over-year.

"At the end of the day, at least on that basis, they are showing some very good progress. You are seeing benefit from the higher-margin Amazon Web Services business, and also higher-margin third-party marketplace business."

KERRY RICE, ANALYST, NEEDHAM & CO

"Gross margin is definitely better than expected. That is something that investors are certainly keen on.

"Guidance was light, both top- and bottom-line. That certainly won't help the stock perform, although they have over the last several quarters exceeded expectations on the operating income side. So for the guidance, people are more concerned about revenue than operating income."

(Reporting By Malathi Nayak and Poornima Gupta)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/instant-view-amazon-profit-beats-street-view-sales-012225204--finance.html

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Hyundai Suicide Ad Pulled, Company Apologizes

Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/04/hyundai-suicide-ad-pulled-company-apologizes/

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Amazon to release its own set-top box: Report

Devin Coldewey , NBC News ? ? ? 8 hrs.

Amazon plans to put out a set-top box to compete with the likes of Roku, Apple TV, and other streaming devices, Bloomberg reported Wednesday. No price or timeline was mentioned, except that it would appear sometime in 2013.

The Seattle-based company has been diversifying its product catalog for years, and although it is best known for its all-encompassing online store, it now also offers web hosting, multimedia streaming, and an expanding line of Kindle-branded electronics.

A set-top box would be a natural fit with Amazon's existing products: More people than ever are signing up for streaming video and audio, and the success of the Kindle Fire has shown that Amazon-themed products can find success with electronics buyers at large.

The device is said to be under development in an Amazon research lab in Cupertino, where perennial competitor Apple is also based. It would likely be priced very competitively and offer extremely easy access to Amazon's media library, with the inevitable perks for Amazon Prime customers.

What will it be called? It's anyone's guess: Although "Kindle" is a contender, devices of that name have all been handheld ? tablets and e-readers. We'll find out when the product is announced later this year.

Devin Coldewey is a contributing writer for NBC News Digital. His personal website is coldewey.cc.

Source: http://feeds.nbcnews.com/c/35002/f/653377/s/2b20e35f/l/0L0Snbcnews0N0Ctechnology0Cgadgetbox0Camazon0Erelease0Eits0Eown0Eset0Etop0Ebox0Ereport0E6C9587298/story01.htm

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T-Mobile and MetroPCS merger becomes official May 1st

Shareholders at MetroPCS made the final vote to approve the carrier marriage

After FCC approval, a planned shareholder vote, and a revised deal by T-Mobile, MetroPCS shareholders have finally voted to approve the reverse merger between the two companies. In this 'reverse merger,' the smaller company, MetroPCS, will be buying the larger T-Mobile.

René Obermann, the CEO of Deutsche Telekom (T-Mobile's parent company), says this is an important step in the company's plans going forward, as "it enables us to be more aggressive in the USA." With T-Mobile's recent and continuing network improvements, revamped monthly plans, and its ability to offer phones like the Galaxy S4 and iPhone, the company is working hard to improve their competitive position in the United States.

With the recent approval by MetroPCS, the deal to merge the two carriers is set to close on May 1, 2013. MetroPCS shareholders will receive $1.5 billion in advance, and get 26 percent of the shares of the newly merged company. The changes that subscribers on both ends of this deal will see are still yet to be determined. Expect more as this milestone deal develops.

Source: Telekom

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/androidcentral/~3/SlD3fg5EPb0/story01.htm

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Rethinking early atmospheric oxygen

Thursday, April 25, 2013

A research team of biogeochemists at the University of California, Riverside has provided a new view on the relationship between the earliest accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere, arguably the most important biological event in Earth history, and its relationship to the sulfur cycle.

A general consensus exists that appreciable oxygen first accumulated in Earth's atmosphere around 2.4 to 2.3 billion years ago. Though this paradigm is built upon a wide range of geological and geochemical observations, the famous "smoking gun" for what has come to be known as the "Great Oxidation Event" (GOE) comes from the disappearance of anomalous fractionations in rare sulfur isotopes.

"These isotope fractionations, often referred to as 'mass-independent fractionations,' or 'MIF' signals, require both the destruction of sulfur dioxide by ultraviolet energy from the sun in an atmosphere without ozone and very low atmospheric oxygen levels in order to be transported and deposited in marine sediments," said Christopher T. Reinhard, the lead author of the research paper and a former UC Riverside graduate student. "As a result, their presence in ancient rocks is interpreted to reflect vanishingly low atmospheric oxygen levels continuously for the first ~2 billion years of Earth's history."

However, diverse types of data are emerging that point to the presence of atmospheric oxygen, and, by inference, the early emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis hundreds of millions of years before these MIF signals disappear from the rock record. These observations motivated Reinhard and colleagues to explore the possible conditions under which inherited MIF signatures may have persisted in the rock record long after oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere.

Using a simple quantitative model describing how sulfur and its isotopes cycle through the Earth's crust, the researchers discovered that under certain conditions these MIF signatures can persist within the ocean and marine sediments long after O2 increases in the atmosphere. Simply put, the weathering of rocks on the continents can transfer the MIF signal to the oceans and their sediments long after production of this fingerprint has ceased in an oxygenated atmosphere.

"This lag would blur our ability to date the timing of the GOE and would allow for dynamic rising and falling oxygen levels during a protracted transition from an atmosphere without oxygen to one rich in this life-giving gas," Reinhard said.

Study results appear in Nature's advanced online publication on April 24.

Reinhard explained that once MIF signals formed in an oxygen-poor atmosphere are captured in pyrite and other minerals in sedimentary rocks, they are recycled when those rocks are later uplifted as mountain ranges and the pyrite is oxidized.

"Under certain conditions, this will create a sort of 'memory effect' of these MIF signatures, providing a decoupling in time between the burial of MIF in sediments and oxygen accumulation at Earth's surface," he said.

According to the researchers, the key here is burying a distinct MIF signal in deep sea sediments, which are then subducted and removed from Earth's surface.

"This would create a complementary signal in minerals that are weathered and delivered to the oceans, something that we actually see evidence of in the rock record," said Noah Planavsky, the second author of the research paper and a former UC Riverside graduate student now at Caltech. "This signal can then be perpetuated through time without the need to generate it within the atmosphere contemporaneously."

Reinhard, now a postdoctoral fellow at Caltech and soon to be an assistant professor at Georgia Institute of Technology, explained that although the researchers' new model provides a plausible mechanism for reconciling recent conflicting data, this can only occur when certain key conditions are met ? and these conditions are likely to have changed through time during Earth's long early history.

"There is obviously much further work to do, but we hope that our model is one step toward a more integrated view of how Earth's crust, mantle and atmosphere interact in the global sulfur cycle," he said.

Timothy W. Lyons, a professor of biogeochemistry at UCR and the principal investigator of the research project noted that this is a fundamentally new and potentially very important way of looking at the sulfur isotope record and its relationship to biospheric oxygenation.

"The message is that sulfur isotope records, when viewed through the filter of sedimentary recycling, may challenge efforts to precisely date the GOE and its relationship to early life, while opening the door to the wonderful unknowns we should expect and embrace," he said.

###

University of California - Riverside: http://www.ucr.edu

Thanks to University of California - Riverside for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127923/Rethinking_early_atmospheric_oxygen

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U.S. to spend $890,000 ? on nothing (Star Tribune)

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White House defends decision to not send witness to drone hearing (Washington Bureau)

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Dodgers RHP Billingsley to have Tommy John surgery

NEW YORK (AP) ? Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Chad Billingsley will have Tommy John surgery this week and miss the rest of the season.

The Dodgers made the announcement Tuesday, a day before the right-hander was set for the elbow operation in Los Angeles. The team said it typically takes about 12 months to return to competition.

Billingsley was 1-0 with a 3.00 ERA in two starts this season. He was scheduled to start last Sunday in Baltimore, but instead was put on the 15-day disabled list because of pain in his elbow.

The 28-year-old injured his elbow last August and decided to try rehabilitation instead of major surgery. He had been pain-free until feeling pain last Friday in a bullpen session. An MRI showed the injury.

Billingsley is 81-61 with a 3.65 ERA in eight big league seasons.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/dodgers-rhp-billingsley-tommy-john-surgery-211948574--mlb.html

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Scientists provide 'new spin' on emerging quantum technologies

Apr. 23, 2013 ? An international team of scientists has shed new light on a fundamental area of physics which could have important implications for future electronic devices and the transfer of information at the quantum level.

The electrical currents currently used to power electronic devices are generated by a flow of charges. However, emerging quantum technologies such as spin-electronics, make use of both charge and another intrinsic property of electrons ? their spin ? to transfer and process signals and information.??

The experimental and theoretical work, carried out by researchers from York?s Department of Physics, the Institute of Nanoscience in Paris and the University of Missouri-Columbia, USA, could have important implications for spintronics and quantum information technologies.

The team looked at semiconductors? structures ? the base of current electronic devices and of many spintronic device proposals - and the problems created by internal fields known as spin-orbit fields. In general, these tend to act differently on each electronic spin, causing a phenomenon referred to as ?spin-decoherence?. This means that the electronic spins will behave in a way which cannot be completely controlled or predicted, which has important implications for device functionalities.

To address this problem, the scientists looked at semiconductor structures called ?quantum wells? where the spins can be excited in a collective, coherent way by using lasers and light scattering. ?????

They demonstrated that these collective spin excitations possess a macroscopic spin of quantum nature. In other words, the electrons and their spins act as a single entity making them less susceptible to spin orbit fields, so decoherence is highly suppressed.

The theoretical work was led by Dr Irene D?Amico from York?s Department of Physics, and Carsten Ullrich, an Associate Professor from Missouri-Columbia?s Department of Physics. The project began with their prediction about the effect of spin Coulomb drag on collective spin excitations, and developed into a much larger international project spanning over three years, which was funded in the UK by a Royal Society grant, with additional funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).

Dr D?Amico said: ?This work has developed into a strong international collaboration which has greatly improved our understanding at fundamental level of the role of many-body interactions on the behaviour of electron spins.

?By combining experimental and theoretical work, we were able to demonstrate that through many-body interactions, a macroscopic collection of spins can behave as a single entity with a single macroscopic quantum spin, making this much less susceptible to decoherence. In the future, it may be possible to use these excitations as signals to transport or elaborate information at the quantum level.?

After reporting their results in the journal Physical Review Letters last year, the team of scientists confirmed and extended the results by considering different materials and type of excitation. The second set of experiments, were recently reported in Physical Review B (Rapid Communication) and highlighted by the Journal as an ?Editor?s Suggestion?.

Dr Florent Perez, who led the experimental work with Florent Baboux, at the CNRS/Universit? Paris VI, says the results strongly suggest that the quantum nature of the macroscopic spin is universal to collective spin excitations in conductive systems.

He said: ?The collaboration with Irene D?Amico and Carsten Ullrich has been particularly powerful to disentangle the puzzle of our data. In our first joint work we constructed an interpretation of the phenomenon which was confirmed in a second investigation carried out on a different system. This paved the way for a universality of the effect.?

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of York, via AlphaGalileo.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal References:

1. F. Baboux, F. Perez, C. A. Ullrich, I. D?Amico, J. G?mez, M. Bernard. Giant Collective Spin-Orbit Field in a Quantum Well: Fine Structure of Spin Plasmons. Physical Review Letters, 2012; 109 (16) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.166401
2. F. Baboux, F. Perez, C. A. Ullrich, I. D'Amico, G. Karczewski, T. Wojtowicz. Coulomb-driven organization and enhancement of spin-orbit fields in collective spin excitations. Physical Review B, 2013; 87 (12) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.87.121303

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/matter_energy/technology/~3/FO4fPwHMdsc/130423091030.htm

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